AL-Qadisiyah Journal For Administrative and Economic sciences

Electronic Payment Methods and Their Impact on Financial Inclusion Using the ARDL Methodology for Iraqi Commercial Banks

Authors

Ayed Jassim Abood
Yusra Rasim Jabbar
https://doi.org/10.33916/qjae.2025.Specialissue0281288
Abstract
The research aims to highlight the impact of electronic payment methods on financial inclusion, especially through an applied analysis based on real data from the Iraqi banking sector using the ARDL model, which allows us to study the relationship between economic variables in the short and long term. The research concluded that there is a joint integration relationship, and the presence of a long-term direct equilibrium relationship that moves from all independent variables (number of ATMs, number of cards, points of sale) towards the dependent variable (the aggregate index of financial inclusion) for Iraqi banks.

Keywords

Electronic payment methods
financial inclusion
Crossmark
AL-Qadisiyah Journal For Administrative and Economic sciences
Volume 26, Special 1
Winter 2026
Pages 281-288

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